What is Linux, explained simply?
Linux is an operating system kernel that was originally created as a hobby project in 1991 by Finnish student Linus Torvalds and is based on a Unix-like operating system. It can usually be downloaded completely free of charge. It is used worldwide on many servers, IoT devices, cars, and supercomputers, and is also gaining more followers in the desktop market. Especially on older computers where Windows or macOS no longer function properly, Linux can save these devices from the scrap heap.
What license is Linux under?
Linux is open-source and was released under the GNU General Public License (GPL). This means that every user can run, analyze, share, and modify the software. The modified source code can even be redistributed and resold (but only under the same license). However, the trademark for the name “Linux” is owned by its creator, Linus Torvalds.
At this point, it should be clear to you as a reader that Linux is significantly different from traditional, proprietary operating systems like macOS and Windows. Unlike these proprietary systems, the source code of Linux is “open” for inspection, which allows you to find and close security gaps more quickly.
What advantages does the Linux operating system offer?
Minimize Electronic Waste
With Linux, you can reuse old or outdated computer systems and repurpose them as gaming consoles, learning computers, routers, backup servers, and much more.
Increase Productivity
Specially optimized Linux versions offer a minimalist user interface with many useful features, improving workflow.
Reduce Operating Costs
You may pay lower fees for special licenses or additional services and generally continue to use all the features.
Maximum Flexibility
How you customize your system, which applications you add or remove, and how you design your desktop – all of this is entirely up to you with Linux.
Platform Independence
Unlike other operating systems, Linux runs on many different hardware platforms, such as PowerPC, Intel, AMD, and many others.
Security & Stability
Linux systems crash less frequently and offer better protection against malware such as viruses, trojans, and other pests compared to other operating systems.
Which Linux distribution is recommended?
Many newcomers to Linux are often overwhelmed by the wide variety of different Linux distributions. A common mistake is that they ask others or members of a community to recommend a specific distribution, without checking for themselves whether it is suitable for their specific needs. Later, they realize that the chosen distribution is not optimal for their intended purpose.
In the Linux world, there are not only a variety of distributions but also different desktop environments like GNOME, KDE, or XFCE. These differ not only in terms of operation and appearance but also in their resource consumption, such as memory usage.
Therefore, it is important to thoroughly research in advance which Linux distribution with which desktop environment best suits your system. This way, you can ensure that your computer will run smoothly later on.
By the way, you can find a very nice overview of current Linux distributions on the DistroWatch website.
Three Steps to a Ready-to-Use Linux System
Create a Backup
Before you begin testing or installing your chosen Linux distribution, it is essential to make a complete backup of your data and store the backup on an external hard drive.
Obtain the ISO Image
Next, you need to get an ISO file of the respective Linux distribution and create a bootable USB stick if you want to install the Linux distribution directly on your computer.
Test & Install*
If your Linux distribution offers an option to start a live session, please use this option first to check if everything is working properly before installing it on your system.
*Note: Since improper implementation can lead to negative side effects such as data loss or system failures, I recommend testing the Linux distribution first in a virtual machine!
Popular Applications on Linux?
There are now many great alternatives on Linux that can easily compete with programs from the Windows and macOS worlds. However, there are also some specific applications for which there is no equivalent alternative on Linux.
This should not discourage you, though, because there are efficient software and hardware solutions that allow these programs to run smoothly on Linux. However, basic Linux knowledge is required, as the setup can otherwise be time-consuming and frustrating.
To help you get started, I have compiled a list of applications that should be sufficient for most people to handle everyday tasks, like booking vacation trips, on Linux.

Mozilla Firefox
Mozilla Firefox is a versatile web browser that, for example, comes pre-installed on Ubuntu and openSUSE Aeon. Unlike many other browsers, Firefox does not pursue commercial interests and does not collect personal data. Firefox is supported by the nonprofit Mozilla Foundation, which works to maintain the internet as a freely accessible resource. The basic features of the browser are sufficient and can be individually customized through extensions and themes, which could make Firefox your preferred choice.

Thunderbird
Mozilla Thunderbird is a free email client from the Mozilla Foundation and is one of the most widely used globally. It offers powerful email features combined with high speed, privacy, and up-to-date technology. Additionally, Thunderbird also supports news and RSS feeds.

LibreOffice
LibreOffice is a powerful open-source office suite with a user-friendly interface and versatile tools that can enhance your productivity. You have the option to customize the interface and, if needed, utilize numerous extensions and templates from the internet. The suite includes applications such as Writer (word processing), Impress (presentations), Calc (spreadsheets), Draw (diagrams and drawings), Math (formula editor), and Base (databases). Additionally, LibreOffice offers PDF editing options and supports various file formats like DOC, PPT, and XLS.

KeePassXC
KeePassXC is a modern, secure, and open-source password manager that allows you to store usernames, passwords, URLs, attachments, and notes in an encrypted file offline. This file can be stored either locally or in the cloud to prevent data loss. KeePassXC provides a powerful search function as well as a user-friendly password generator that creates passwords and passphrases according to your preferences.

Yubico Authenticator
The Yubico Authenticator generates secure time-based and counter-based codes on a hardware-backed security key, the YubiKey. This key allows you to perform strong two-factor authentication when logging into various services and significantly reduces the likelihood of account takeovers. Given the increasing reports of successful cyberattacks on individuals, businesses, and educational institutions that do not use two-factor authentication, the YubiKey provides you with important additional protection.

GIMP with the PhotoGIMP-Extension
GIMP (GNU Image Manipulation Program) is the leading open-source image editing program and offers a wide range of features for editing raster graphics and digital painting. It can now compete with expensive commercial programs like Adobe Photoshop, but requires less storage space and resources. GIMP can be flexibly extended through plugins. With the PhotoGIMP project, you can also use the Photoshop interface, add new fonts, and use familiar Photoshop shortcuts, which makes it easier to use.

Inkscape
Inkscape is a powerful, open-source software for creating and editing vector graphics. It not only provides tools for drawing geometric shapes but also includes automatic vectorization of bitmaps. The program is ideal for logos, vector art, technical diagrams, business cards, lettering, and comics. Its user-friendly and clear interface makes it easy to work on even complex projects. Therefore, you should prefer Inkscape for your graphics and use GIMP primarily for image optimization.

Blender
Blender is a free 3D graphics suite under the GPL license that offers a comprehensive range of features: modeling, rigging, animation, simulation, rendering, compositing, motion tracking, video editing, and game development. With the Blender API, you can also create Python scripts to customize the program or develop your own tools. However, note that Blender has a steep learning curve, and you will need to invest some time to work on complex projects.

FreeCAD
FreeCAD is a flexible open-source 3D modeler for real-world objects. With parametric modeling, you can easily modify designs by adjusting parameters in the model history. FreeCAD offers useful features such as modern finite element analysis (FEA) and supports many file formats like STEP, IGES, STL, SVG, DXF, OBJ, and IFC. This makes it a versatile tool for engineers and makers from various fields, including the automotive industry.

PrusaSlicer
PrusaSlicer, developed based on Slic3r by Alessandro Ranellucci, converts 3D models (STL, OBJ, AMF) into G-code for FFF printers or into PNG layers for mSLA printers. It is compatible with many modern printers, such as the Original Prusa MINI+ and Creality Ender models.

OBS Studio
OBS Studio is a cross-platform, free software primarily used by streamers to broadcast their screen live or record videos. It offers a comprehensive API that allows developers to create plugins and customize the software. You can use OBS Studio for your live streams on YouTube and for online meetings by using the virtual camera feature for your green screen setup.

Kdenlive
Kdenlive is a free and powerful video editor that provides professional video quality and supports all major formats. With a variety of features, you can create impressive projects. Additionally, Kdenlive allows direct recording via PCI-Express cards from Blackmagic, thanks to comprehensive hardware support. It’s no wonder that YouTubers like Jean-Frédéric Vogelbacher from Linux Guides also rely on this software!

GCompris
GCompris is a free educational software for children aged 2 to 10 years, available for various platforms and in multiple languages. Released under the GNU GPLv3 license, it was originally developed for GNU/Linux.
The software offers a wide range of activities in different categories, including:
- Discovery of the computer: keyboard, mouse, touchscreen
- Reading: letters, words, text input
- Arithmetic: numbers, calculations, memory
- Science: water cycle, renewable energies
- Geography: countries, regions, culture
- Games: chess, memory, Connect Four
- Miscellaneous: colors, shapes, learning time
At CLT 2023 in Chemnitz, GCompris was personally presented by me as an alternative to Sugarizer.

Steam
Steam is a distribution platform for computer games operated by Valve Corporation. Since February 14, 2013, Steam has also been available for Linux. Thanks to Proton, a special fork of Wine, more and more AAA games can be played on Linux. A user account is required to use Steam, which can be created through the website.